Charm bundles

Although charms can be deployed in isolation, they are typically used alongside other charms in order to implement more complex solutions, whether it be as simple as MediaWiki and a database, or as complex as a full OpenStack cloud. A charm bundle, or just bundle, is an encapsulation of such a compound deployment and includes all the associated relations and configurations that the deployment requires. A huge plus is that a bundle is installed exactly like a charm is: with the deploy command or via the GUI (see Adding bundles with the GUI).

Inside a bundle

A bundle is defined with a file in YAML format and is often called the "bundle file". Here is a bundle file with "charm definitions" for MySQL and WordPress with a relation between the two:

series: xenial
description: "A simple WordPress deployment."
applications:
  wordpress:
    charm: "cs:trusty/wordpress-5"
    num_units: 1
    annotations:
      "gui-x": "339.5"
      "gui-y": "-171"
    to:
      - "0"
  mysql:
    charm: "cs:trusty/mysql-57"
    num_units: 1
    annotations:
      "gui-x": "79.5"
      "gui-y": "-142"
    to:
      - "1"
relations:
  - - "wordpress:db"
    - "mysql:db"
machines:
  "0":
    series: trusty
    constraints: "arch=amd64 cpu-cores=1 cpu-power=100 mem=1740 root-disk=8192"
  "1":
    series: trusty
    constraints: "arch=amd64 cpu-cores=1 cpu-power=100 mem=1740 root-disk=8192"

Deploying bundles

A bundle is deployed just like a regular charm is:

juju deploy wiki-simple

See the Deploying applications page for details on the deploy command.

To get a summary of the deployment steps (without actually deploying) a dry run can be performed:

juju deploy --dry-run wiki-simple

Sample output:

Located bundle "cs:bundle/wiki-simple-4"
Resolving charm: cs:trusty/mysql-55
Resolving charm: cs:trusty/mediawiki-5
Changes to deploy bundle:
- upload charm cs:mysql-55 for series trusty
- deploy application mysql on trusty using cs:mysql-55
- set annotations for mysql
- upload charm cs:trusty/mediawiki-5 for series trusty
- deploy application wiki on trusty using cs:trusty/mediawiki-5
- set annotations for wiki
- add relation wiki:db - mysql:db
- add unit mysql/0 to new machine 0
- add unit wiki/0 to new machine 1

You can get the name of a bundle from the Juju Charm Store, just as you would a charm. There, you can see icons representing each separate application alongside the bundle's name. This gives you a quick overview of a bundle's complexity and potential resource requirements.

To get a bundle's name, select a bundle on the store and find the 'command prompt' icon at the top of the pane. A field will contain the Charm Store URL for the bundle, which you can also use to deploy:

juju deploy cs:bundle/wiki-simple-4

The cs signifies "charm store".

Bundles can also be deployed by referring to a local bundle file (if it exists). We'll see this in the Creating bundles section.

Configuring bundles

Below we present two ways in which existing bundles can be tweaked for your environment:

• Setting charm constraints in a bundle
• Setting charm configuration options in a bundle

Setting charm constraints in a bundle

To make a bundle as reusable as possible, it's common to set minimum constraints for its associated charms, much like you would when deploying charms from the command line. This is done by including a constraints field to a charm's definition.

For example, to add memory and CPU constraints to the 'mysql' charm:

mysql:
  charm: "cs:trusty/mysql-57"
  num_units: 1
  constraints:
    mem=2G
    cpu-cores=4
  annotations:
    "gui-x": "139"
    "gui-y": "168"

Refer to the Using constraints page for in-depth coverage of constraints.

Setting charm configuration options in a bundle

When deploying an application, the charm you use will often support or even require specific configuration options to be set. This is done by including an options field to a charm's definition.

For example, to set the 'flavor' of the MySQL charm to 'percona':

mysql:
  charm: "cs:trusty/mysql-57"
  num_units: 1
  options:
    flavor : percona
  annotations:
    "gui-x": "139"
    "gui-y": "168"

Values for options and annotations can also be read from a file. For binary files, such as binary certificates, there is an option to base64-encode the contents. A file location can be expressed with an absolute or relative (to the bundle file) path. For example:

applications:
  my-app:
    charm: some-charm
    options:
      config: include-file://my-config.yaml
      cert: include-base64://my-cert.crt

See section Discovering application configuration options to learn about a charm's options.

Creating bundles

Bundles can continue to be modified to the point that you are effectively creating a new bundle. This section presents the following methods:

• Using local charms
• Overlay bundles
• Bundle placement directives
• Machine specifications in a bundle
• Recycling machines
• Binding endpoints within a bundle
• Bundles and charm resources

Using local charms

To integrate a local charm into a bundle a local bundle file, say bundle.yaml, will be needed and where the charm field points to the directory of the charm in question. An absolute or a relative (to the bundle file) path can be used. Here is an example:

series: xenial
applications:
  mysql:
    charm: "/home/ubuntu/charms/mysql"
    num_units: 1
    constraints:
      mem=2G
      cpu-cores=4

The bundle can then be deployed by using the file as the argument instead of a bundle name:

juju deploy bundle.yaml

Overlay bundles

The --overlay option can be used when you want to use a standard bundle but keep model-specific configuration in a separate file. The overlay files constitute bundles in their own right. The "overlay bundle" can specify new applications, change values, and also specify the removal of an application in the base bundle.

An application is removed from the base bundle by defining the application name in the application section, but omitting any values. Removing an application also removes all the relations for that application.

If a machines section is specified in an overlay bundle it replaces the corresponding section of the base bundle. No merging of machine information is attempted. Multiple overlay bundles can be specified and they are processed in the order they appear on the command line.

For example:

juju deploy wiki-simple --overlay ~/model-a/wiki-simple.yaml

Bundle placement directives

You can co-locate applications using the placement key to in the charm's definition. When LXD is supported by the backing cloud it is also possible to isolate charms by including the container format in the placement directive.

For example:

mysql:
  charm: "cs:trusty/mysql-57"
  num_units: 1
  to:
  - lxd:wordpress/0
  annotations:
    "gui-x": "139"
    "gui-y": "168"

This will install the MySQL application into a LXD container on the same machine as the wordpress/0 unit. You can check the output from juju status to see where each application has been deployed:

Unit         Workload  Agent       Machine  Public address  Ports  Message
mysql/0      waiting   allocating  0/lxd/0                         waiting for machine
wordpress/0  waiting   allocating  0        10.1.110.193           waiting for machine

Alternatively, to install MySQL into a LXD container on machine '1', use the following syntax:

mysql:
  charm: "cs:trusty/mysql-57"
  num_units: 1
  to:
  - lxd:1
  annotations:
    "gui-x": "139"
    "gui-y": "168"

Machine specifications in a bundle

Bundles may optionally include a machine specification, which allows you to set up specific machines and then to place application units on those machines however you wish. This is done by including a machines field at the root of the bundle file and then defining machines based on an integer. These machines are objects with three possible fields: series, constraints, and annotations. Finally, these machines are referred to in a charm's definition by using the placement key to. For example:

mysql:
  charm: "cs:trusty/mysql-57"
  num_units: 1
  to:
    - "0"
  annotations:
    "gui-x": "139"
    "gui-y": "168"
machines:
  "0":
    series: trusty
    constraints: "arch=amd64 cpu-cores=1 cpu-power=100 mem=1740 root-disk=8192"

This will install the MySQL application on machine '0', which has been assigned a specific series and a collection of constraints.

You may also specify multiple machines for placing multiple units of an application. For example:

mysql:
  charm: "cs:trusty/mysql-57"
  num_units: 2
  to:
    - "0"
    - "1"
  annotations:
    "gui-x": "139"
    "gui-y": "168"
machines:
  "0":
    series: trusty
    constraints: "arch=amd64 cpu-cores=1 cpu-power=100 mem=1740 root-disk=8192"
  "1":
    series: trusty
    constraints: "arch=amd64 cpu-cores=4 cpu-power=500 mem=4096 root-disk=8192"

This will install one unit of the MySQL application on machine '0' and the other on machine '1'.

The output from juju status will show this deployment as follows:

Unit         Workload  Agent       Machine  Public address  Ports  Message
mysql/0      waiting   allocating  0                               waiting for machine
mysql/1      waiting   allocating  1                               waiting for machine
wordpress/0  waiting   allocating  1                               waiting for machine

Recycling machines

To have a bundle use a model's existing machines, as opposed to creating new machines, the --map-machines=existing option is used. In addition, to specify particular machines for the mapping, comma-separated values of the form 'bundle-id=existing-id' can be passed where the bundle-id and the existing-id refer to top level machine IDs.

For example, consider a bundle whose YAML file is configured with machines 1, 2, 3, and 4, and a model containing machines 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The following deployment would use existing machines 1 and 2 for bundle machines 1 and 2 but use existing machine 4 for bundle machine 3 and existing machine 5 for bundle machine 4:

juju deploy some-bundle --map-machines=existing,3=4,4=5

Binding endpoints within a bundle

Generally, you can configure more complex networks using Network spaces and deploy charms with a binding, as described in Deploying to spaces. However, the same can also be achieved with a bundle and is done by including a bindings field to a charm's definition. For example:

mysql:
  charm: "cs:trusty/mysql-57"
  num_units: 1
  bindings:
    shared-db: database
    cluster: internal

This is equivalent to:

juju deploy cs:trusty/mysql-57 --bind "shared-db=database cluster=internal"

The following connects charm endpoints to specific spaces and includes a default space, default-space, for any interfaces not specified:

juju deploy --bind "default-space db=db-space db-admin=admin-space" mysql

Using a bundle file, the above deploy command can be mirrored with the following:

mysql:
  charm: "cs:trusty/mysql-57"
  num_units: 1
  bindings:
    "": default-space
    db: db-space
    db-admin: admin-space

It is not currently possible to declare a default space in the bundle for all application endpoints. The workaround is to list all endpoints explicitly.

Bundles and charm resources

Bundles support charm resources (see Using resources) through the use of the resources field. For example, consider the following charm's metadata.yaml file that specifies a resource:

name: example-charm
summary: "example charm."
description: This is an example charm.
resources:
  example:
    type: file
    filename: example.zip
    description: "This charm needs example.zip to operate"

If this charm were to be used as part of a bundle, it might be desirable to use a specific revision for the bundle. Revisions are specified in the bundle file under the charm's field in the applications section:

applications:
  example-charm:
   charm: "cs:example-charm"
   series: trusty
   resources:
     example: 1

So the charm specifies that it requires a resource called example and the bundle stipulates a revision of '1' of that resource (from the Charm Store).

The resources field can also specify a local path to a resource instead:

applications:
  example-charm:
   charm: "cs:example-charm"
   series: trusty
   resources:
     example: "./example.zip"

Local paths to resources can be useful, for example, in network restricted environments where a Juju controller is unable to contact the Charm Store.

Saving a bundle and next steps

If you have created your own bundle you will need to save it. In order to do this you will need to use the Juju GUI. See Adding bundles with the GUI for instructions.

Once the bundle is saved you can consider these Next steps.